Scarlet Letter Pearl Essay Example For Students

Red Letter: Pearl Essay Kids are, naturally, inconceivably touchy animals. They can detect practically any feeling a grown-up might feel just by watching a specific people non-verbal communication and outward appearances. Such is the situation with the young Pearl from the novel The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorn. As the little girl of the adulteress Hester Prynne, the townspeople see Pearl as an evil presence in a holy messengers attire; as a devil who not just knows precisely what the letter A connotes on the bosom of her mom, however as the evil spirit who put it there also. They likewise trust Pearl utilizes this data against Hester by continually referencing the letter so as to make Hester incredibly awkward. This isn't accurate. Nay, Mother, I have told all I know, said Pearl more genuinely than she was wont to speakBut in great sincere presently, Mother dear, what does this red letter mean? - and why dost thou wear it on thy chest? - and for what reason does the clergyman keep his hand over his heart? She took her moms deliver both her own, and looked at her with a sincerity that was only here and there found in her wild and impulsive character (Hawthorne 175). This exchange doesn't appear to be the expressions of an evil spirit, however a youngster who is absolutely inquisitive about what the letter on her moms chest implies. One must not belittle Pearls insight however. Truth be told, Pearl isn't the evil spirit many believe her to be; rather she is insightful and delicate towards her environmental factors and would thus be able to see much about the red letter her mom wears. The neighboring townspeoplehad given out that poor little Pearl was an evil spirit posterity, for example, since the time old Catho lic occasions, had every so often been seen on earth, thanks to their of their moms sin, and to advance some foul and underhanded reason (Hawthorne 95-96). From this announcement and numerous others like it all through the novel, numerous perusers are given the feeling that Pearl is a had kid. Before an announcement can be made on Pearls knowledge or affectability, it is basic for one to comprehend these references are an endeavor on Hawthornes part to show to the peruser a section of Puritanical Society. In no way, shape or form is Pearl a demon. She is an inquisitive youngster and, until one isolates Hawthornes imaginary references towards Pearls evil soul and Pearls genuine shrewd nature, a character examination of Pearls personality can't be made. With the talk of Pearls mischievous nature scattered, one would now be able to contemplate her curious and touchy nature. When Hester Prynne won't uncover to Pearl the personality of the youthful childs father, Pearls consuming interes t rapidly lights and powers her to shout out the accompanying interest. Let me know! Tell me!It is thou that must let me know! (Hawthorne 95) This isn't the main time Pearls interest is started all through the novel. Truth be told, there are ordinarily where Pearl gets curious more than some puzzle; this next model is one of them. Why, what is this, Mother?Wherefore have all the individuals left their work today? Is it a playday for the entire world (Hawthorne 224)? In this circumstance, Pearl is overpowered by interest, as the whole populace of Boston is decked in their delicacy for an explanation that Pearl doesn't know about. Rather than keeping quiet, as an acted Puritan youngster would, Pearl spills out a great many inquiries in order to understand something that is a puzzle to her. While Pearls characteristic interest drives her on the journey of finding reality behind the red letter, it is her touchy and astute nature which answers a couple of the inquiries related with the riddle. A case of this touchy nature happens after the authority fight in which Hester battles for the option to stay as the watchman of Pearl. Pearlstole delicately towards him, and grasping his turn in the grip of both her own, laid cheek against it (Hawthorne 112). This is by all accounts Pearls demonstration of appreciation towards the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. One may ask why the touchy kid would carry on in such a sweet path towards Dimmesdale. Maybe she takes note of her moms hysterical voice and stance as Hester begs the men whose desire it is to remove Pearl and give her an appropriate Christian childhood. Pearl may likewise see Dimmesdales demand that the kid stay with her mom, and afterward the conditioning of Hesters face as her emergency closes. Without hearing a solitary wor d articulated, Pearl can undoubtedly perceive how Dimmesdale spares both her and her mom from a circumstance neither would appreciate. Hence, the caring motion Pearl makes towards Dimmesdale is her quiet method of saying, Thank you for the endowment of youth you have recently given me.Using Pearls qualities of interest and affectability, one can make suspicions about whether Pearl comprehends what the red letter represents. While she is excessively youthful to perhaps fathom Puritanical sin and discipline, Pearl can undoubtedly comprehend that the letter is her moms rebuke and humiliation. Also, Mother, he has his hand over his heart! Is it since, when the priest composed his name in the book, the Black Man set his imprint in that place? In any case, for what reason does he not wear it outside his chest, as thou dost, Mother (Hawthorne 184)? Through this announcement made by Pearl, one may understand Pearl sees an association between Hesters letter and Dimmesdales propensity for cov ering his heart with his hand, in spite of the fact that she doesn't have the foggiest idea what this association is. .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09 , .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09 .postImageUrl , .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09 , .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09:hover , .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09:visited , .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09:active { border:0!important; } .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09:active , .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09:hover { murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d1 1f09 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0d0c00e55123778763c8ef6b37d11f09:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Meaning of Life EssayPearl is astonishing kid, and maybe one of the main versatile characters in this novel. While the townsfolk and even Pearls own mom fear the kid, Pearl is, under close assessment, a normally curious and sensitive kid. Albeit a few perusers of this novel may not want to figure out the real story and see past the naming of evil presence and demon, the genuine Pearl is totally not the same as this generalization. The genuine Pearl, the curious, canny, and wonderful animal she is, turns into the image for salvation in this novel. Pearl might be the result of wrongdoing and dinginess, yet she has characteristics that make her a n astounding kid. In reality, Pearl is the rosebush which becomes close to the jail entryway: she is the one brilliant detect the detainees of this novel see as they watch from their little windows in the prison of their psyches.

Free Essays on Praisesong For The Widow

America is a nation with individuals of different societies all-attempting to blend in or at times attempting to incorporate themselves. Numerous individuals, particularly in America go their entire lives not knowing their actual character, in light of the fact that they’re to occupied with attempting to acclimatize into another culture to feel acknowledged and needed from the predominant gathering. With respect to Avey Johnson who is an African-American lady who gets numerous leisure’s, is looked to be a lost and complex character. In the novel Praisesong for the Widow by Paule Marshall is an about a white collar class African-American widow, Avey Johnson who sets off into the Caribbean in a voyage transport, Bianca Pride with two of her companions. As the boat lands in Grenada she is spooky by bad dreams of her Great auntie Cuney. Her bad dream stirs in her a void and aching for something that she can't at first clarify. Her life about that point had appeared to be effective, particularly according to other people, practically like the American dream. Inside this piece of the novel an excursion of recovery and recuperating of a past that has been to a great extent of her more youthful years and get in the American long for money related security and a White-characterized decency. Paule Marshall brings the peruser into an excursion of a confounded upset widow on a costly journey, who at that point gets herself and frees herself into a more profound comprehension Guevara 2 of her social and familial legacy. Inside the start of the novel, the peruser can foresee a feeling of lost personality inside the character, when her little girl, Marion delivers her concerning why she wants to go on these travels with individuals who don’t completely acknowledge her as an equivalent. At the point when she at long last looked into it had been everything she could do, from her appearance, not to connect and snatch her mom by the shoulders and shake her the manner in which she may have one of her understudies. To shake sense into her. â€Å"Why go on some good for nothing voyage with a lot of white society... Free Essays on Praisesong For The Widow Free Essays on Praisesong For The Widow America is a nation with individuals of different societies all-attempting to blend in or at times attempting to coordinate themselves. Numerous individuals, particularly in America go their entire lives not knowing their actual personality, on the grounds that they’re to caught up with attempting to absorb into another culture to feel acknowledged and needed from the predominant gathering. Concerning Avey Johnson who is an African-American lady who gets numerous leisure’s, is tried to be a lost and complex character. In the novel Praisesong for the Widow by Paule Marshall is an about a white collar class African-American widow, Avey Johnson who sets off into the Caribbean in a journey transport, Bianca Pride with two of her companions. As the boat lands in Grenada she is spooky by bad dreams of her Great auntie Cuney. Her bad dream stirs in her a vacancy and yearning for something that she can't at first clarify. Her life about that point had appeared to be effective, particularly according to other people, practically like the American dream. Inside this piece of the novel an excursion of recovery and recuperating of a past that has been to a great extent of her more youthful years and get in the American long for money related security and a White-characterized decency. Paule Marshall brings the peruser into an excursion of a befuddled disturbed widow on a costly voyage, who at that point gets herself and frees herself into a more profound comprehension Guevara 2 of her social and familial legacy. Inside the start of the novel, the peruser can anticipate a feeling of lost personality inside the character, when her girl, Marion delivers her regarding why she wants to go on these travels with individuals who don’t completely acknowledge her as an equivalent. At the point when she at last looked into it had been everything she could do, from her appearance, not to connect and snatch her mom by the shoulders and shake her the manner in which she may have one of her understudies. To shake sense into her. â€Å"Why go on some futile journey with a lot of white people...

How to Write an APA Format Bibliography

How to Write an APA Format Bibliography Student Resources APA Style and Writing Print How to Write an APA Format Bibliography By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 06, 2020 PeopleImages / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers An APA format bibliography is an alphabetical listing of all sources that might be used to write a paper, essay, article or research paper. In some cases, your instructor may require you to hand in a bibliography with your final paper. Even if it is not a required part of your assignment, writing a bibliography can help you keep track of your sources and make it much easier to create your final reference page in proper APA format. A bibliography is similar in many ways to a reference section, but there are some important differences. While a reference section includes every source that was actually used in your paper, a bibliography may include sources that you considered using but may have dismissed because they were irrelevant or outdated. Bibliographies can be a great way to keep track of information that you might want to use in your paper and as a way to organize and keep track of the information that you find in different sources.   In order to write an APA format bibliography, you should: 1. Start Your Bibliography on a New Page Your working bibliography should be kept separate from the rest of your paper. Start it on a new page, with the title “Bibliography” centered at the top. 2.  Gather Your Sources Compile all of the sources that you might possibly use in your paper. While you may end up not using all of these sources in your paper, having a complete list will make it easier later on when you prepare your reference section. This can be particularly helpful as your outline and write your paper. By quickly glancing through your working bibliography, you will be able to get a better idea of which sources will be the most appropriate to support your thesis and main points. 3. Create an APA Reference for Each Source Your references should be listed alphabetically by the author’s last name and should be double-spaced. The first line of each reference should be flush left  while each additional line of the reference should be a few spaces to the right of the left margin, which is known as a hanging indent. 4. Create an Annotation for Each Source Normally a bibliography just contains references information, but in some cases, you might decide to create an annotated bibliography. An annotation is a summary or evaluation of the source. An annotation is a brief description of approximately 150 words describing the information in the research, your evaluation of its credibility, and how it pertains to your topic. Writing one of these for each piece of research will make your writing process faster and easier. Not only is this step helpful in determining which sources to ultimately use in your paper, but also, your instructor may require it as part of the assignment so he or she can assess your thought process and understanding of your topic. Why Should You Write an APA Format Bibliography? One of the biggest reasons to create an APA format bibliography is simply to make the research and writing process easier. If you do not have a comprehensive list of all your references, you might find yourself scrambling to figure out where you found certain bits of information that you included in your paper. While writing an annotated bibliography might not be required for your assignment, it can be a very useful step. The process of writing an annotation helps you learn more about your topic, develop a deeper understanding of the subject, and become better at evaluating various sources of information. A Word From Verywell If you are taking a psychology class, you may be asked at some point to create a bibliography as part of the research paper writing process. Even if your instructor does not expressly require a bibliography, creating one can be a useful way to help structure your research and make the writing process easier. For psychology majors, it can be helpful to save any bibliographies you have written over the course of your studies so that you can refer back to them later when studying for exams or writing papers for other psychology courses. APA Format: 12 Basic Rules

Software failiure - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2979 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? All successful software projects start with the premise that the end result will be successful. The owner of the project initial goal is to deliver on time and on budget. Although these are the primary focus when the project begins, yet is it not more important that the project deliver tangible business and consumer results? A project manager must take both the customer and the project into consideration when performing a software project. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Software failiure" essay for you Create order Time, thought and much consideration (focus) must be the aim of the project from beginning until completion of the software project. These are primary keys to a projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s success. There are many keys that ensure the success of a project many will become familiar to the reader throughout the reading of this paper. Business drivers such as problems or opportunities that maybe encountered in the beginning and throughout the completion of the project are criteria used to measure the benefits of the project. These drivers should be the primary focus when scoping the project and setting the goals of the project. All projects begin with goals in the order of priority directly related to and supported by the business goals. Target goals are put into place to ensure the project meets the specified time and does not deviate more than those allowable in project plan. The customer and the project planner must be in complete agreement on the goal and anticipation of the project b efore the project begins. An understanding of what the customer expects the success of the project to look like and what measurements will be considered to determine the desired outcome of the project to the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s satisfactions are critical points when the project is started. These issues should be easily understood by all concerned. A successful project must first be defined. Question, how do we define the success of a software project? We could begin by looking at meeting desired cost, schedule, and scope objectives. Was the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s completion date met? Was it within budget guidelines and did it meet the desired specifications? Software project success has often been defined in ways that are measured the day the project was finished. This is not always the case. Some projects exceed the specified date originally set forth at the forefront of the project. This does not mean that the project was a failure because of the time constraints. Many projects require more testing than was originally set forth at the start of the project or more funds that are necessary to ensure the project is a success. One example is the Sydney Opera House (Duncan, W.R.), that cost sixteen times as much to build and took four times as long to complete as the original estimates. Although thought to be a project management disaster ending up producing an enduring and inspiring civic symbol. Would this constitute as a project failure? Project success depends on a combination of product success and project management success. Many project owners define the success of the project by the time of completion. If the project was completed in the specified time it was a success. Ask yourself this question; if the project was completed early or a day or two late with all specifications met did you have a success software project? Or if it was completed on time with continual adjustments after completion, is this a successful project? A project must foll ow a completion milestone that should allow for each step of the project to fall within specification. All software project should include modification allowances that provide for added research should the project require it. Literature Review Software failure can be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“defined as the occurrence of either deficient functionality, where the program fails to perform a required function, or deficient performance, where the program performs a required function too slow or in an insufficient mannerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Rutgers Computer Technology Law Journal. Perlman, Daniel T., 1998) We live in a society that depends extensively on computers to accomplish our everyday needs; everything from monitoring patients in hospitals to monitoring our national defense depends primarily on computer software not failing. Bearing in mind their fundamental need for computers to function properly, software project failure rates are among the highest across all industries, however the number of statistical reports analyzing those Failure are lesser then one would expect. This literature review provides an overview of general literature available on this subject, the main of objectives of the evaluation are to establish why software projects fail and the main reasons a project may fail along with what lessons can be learned   to improve software developments in order for them to success in the future. The subject of Software Project Failures is full of books, and papers that  stress Why Software Projects Fail, most of them share numerous characteristics ranging from failure due to incomplete requirements to failure due to an incompetent project manager.   Among the studies examining these failures is the 2009 Standish Group CHAOS Report. The report is a collection of data on project failures in the software industry. Its main goal is to make the industry effective and productive and to illustrate ways to improve its success rates and increase the value of the software investments. Their most recent results were published in April, 2009. The introductory statement in CHAOS Report reads: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Roman bridges of antiquity were very inefficient structures. By modern standards, they used too much stone, and as a result, far too much labor to build. Over the years we have learned to build bridges more efficiently, using few materials and less labor to perform the same task.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Tom Clancy (The Sum of All Fears) (The Standish Group, 2009) With use of this quote the CHAOS Report suggests that software developers should adopt bridge builders approach of learning from past mistakes. The report explains that the difference between software failures and bridge failures is that when a bridge fails à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“it is investigated and a report is written on the cause of the failureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? whereas when a software fails the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“failures are covered up, ignored, and/or rationalized. As a result, we keep making the same mistakes over and over again.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (The Standish Group, 2009) The Standish Group investigated the failure and success rates along with the reasons for success and failure. Their study surveyed four focus groups with IT executives of major companies. The attendees represented a wide variety of industries, including insurance, state and federal government, retail, banking, securities, manufacturing and service. Three distinct outcomes, called Resolutions, were what the subsequent report divides projects into. Project Resolution Types 1 (Success), 2 (Challenged), and 3 (Impaired). Resolution Type 1 was when a project was a success; it was completed on time and on budget, with all the functionalities and features intact.   The projects that fell in this category only amounted to 16.2%.  Resolution Type 2 was when a project was completed, however it was over budget or over time, and missing some or all of the functionalities and features that were originally requested.   52.7% of all studied projects fell into the Resolution Typ e 2 category. Resolution Type 3 were projects that were abandoned at some point during the development cycle, consequently becoming total losses.   A staggering 31.1% of all the projects studied fell into this category.   The Standish Group further divided these results by large, medium and small establishments. A large establishment was one with greater than $500 million dollars in revenue per year, a medium was defined as having $200 million to $500 million in yearly revenue, and a small was from $100 million to $200 million. However the statistics for failure were equally discouraging in companies of all sizes. The most important aspect of the research is discovering why projects fail. The report isolated that the top five factors found in successful projects were: user involvement, executive management support, clear statement of requirements, proper planning, and realistic expectations. These indicators were extracted from surveyed IT executive managers of their opinions about why projects succeed. Project Success Factors % of Responses 1. User Involvement 15.90% 2. Executive Management Support 13.90% 3. Clear Statement of Requirements 13.00% 4. Proper Planning 9.60% 5. Realistic Expectations 8.20% 6. Smaller Project Milestones 7.70% 7. Competent Staff 7.20% 8. Ownership 5.30% 9. Clear Vision Objectives 2.90% 10. Hard-Working, Focused Staff 2.40% Other 13.90% The top factors found in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Challengedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? projects were: lack of user input, incomplete requirements and specifications, changing requirements and specifications, lack of executive support, and technical incompetence. The list of top indicators factors found in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Failedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? projects were: incomplete requirements, lack of user involvement, lack of resources, unrealistic expectations, lace of executive support, changing requirements and specifications, lack of planning, didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need it any longer, lack of IT management, and technical illiteracy. Project Challenged Factors % of Responses 1. Lack of User Input 12.80% 2. Incomplete Requirements Specifications 12.30% 3. Changing Requirements Specifications 11.80% 4. Lack of Executive Support 7.50% 5. Technology Incompetence 7.00% 6. Lack of Resources 6.40% 7. Unrealistic Expectations 5.90% 8. Unclear Objectives 5.30% 9. Unrealistic Time Frames 4.30% 10. New Technology 3.70% Other 23.00% The Standish group report conclude that projects succeed because of: executive support, user involvement, experience project manager, clear business objectives, minimized scope, standard software infrastructure, firm basic requirements, formal methodology, and reliable estimates. The main causes of IT project failure were: lack of clear link between the project and the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s key strategic priorities, including agreed measures of success; lack of clear senior management and Official ownership and leadership; lack of sufficient data; lack of effective engagement with stakeholders; lack of skills and proven approach to project management and risk management; along with lack of effective project team integration between clients, the supplier team and the supply chain. Causes of failure could also be the result of the problem not being properly defined: they may have developed the right solution to the wrong problem. This is best addressed by trying to understand the reason for doing the job. The CHAOS Report does have its own shortcomings. Its measures of success are relatively narrow; it only measures success by examining whether a project was completed on time and on budget. The Standish group does not include measures of quality, risk, and customer satisfaction. Nevertheless, the CHAOS Report endures as an important measure for the software despite limited standards of measurement and limiting sources to interviews with executives. There are several other studies on statistics over IT project failure rates which mainly concur with the overall picture of the IT industry that the CHAOS Report provides. In 1997, a study conducted by KPMG Canada, reviewed 176 projects. Their findings determined that over 60% of projects failed to meet their sponsorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectations. A staggering 75% missed their deadline by 30% or more, and over half à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“substantiallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? exceeded their budgets. The main causes for project failure that were identified were: poor project planning, specifically, inadequate risk management and a weak project plan; weak business case; and lack of top management involvement and support. In September 2000, the Gartner Group surveyed 1375 respondents through interviews. (Gardner, 2010) The study indicated that roughly 40 percent of all IT projects fail to meet business requirements. In a more recent survey, the Aberdeen Group claimed 90 percent of projects came in late, while 30 percent were simply cancelled before the deadline. (Booth, R., 2000) According to Tom Carlos in his article Reasons Why Projects Failà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? gather major reasons   ranging from simple to complex project, The most common reasons for failure   found in the list include :   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Poorly managed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Inadequate or vague requirements à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Undefined objectives and goals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Lack of management commitment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Poorly defined roles and responsibilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Stakeholder conflict à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Team weaknesses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Lack of user input à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Scope creep No change control process Meeting end user expectations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Poor communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Lack of a solid project plan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Lack of organisational support à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Centralised proactive management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   initiatives to combat project risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Enterprise management of budget resources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Provides universal templates and documentation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Unrealistic timeframes and tasks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Competing priorities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Poor communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Insufficient resources (funding and personnel) Business politics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Overruns of schedule and cost à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Estimates for cost and schedule are erroneous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Lack of prioritisation and project portfolio management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Scope creep No change control process Meeting end user expectations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Ignoring project warning signs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Inadequate testing processes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Bad decisions The first 10 failure in the list focus strictly on software requirements where in the requirements are defined user input, stakeholders, communication. Data and Hypotheses When we look at the success or failure of a software project we must also analyze other areas that can have an impact on the project. A review of the Business Analysis Benchmark gives the project owner and the customer a clear understanding of the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s maturity in requirements definition and with management expectation of the project outcome. (IAG Consulting. Ellis, E., 2009) Findings in this analysis showed that requirements maturity has a strong positive correlation to every major measure of development efficiency assessed. It can be a strong motivator in the success of the project. Based upon time performance, budget performance, function performance, each can be a fundamental point in project success when there is an increase in these areas. The project owner must have a clear vision/goal to prepare for success. Failure can become apparent in many ways, i.e. changing the vision in the middle of the project, disputes on the primary focus, expectations th at are beyond project scope, unreliable or not enough resources to maintain project direction and possibly the most valuable to the success of the project is good leadership. An article titled, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If Software Quality is so Important, Why is it So Often Neglected? (Sassenburg, H., 2006), a great title for this literature review research. This article further explores the Standish Groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CHAOS Report with a great quote, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Software Crisis has not yet reached the turning point. It gives the reader a good statistical percentage, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Only 28% of software projects succeed these days, down from 34% a year or two ago. Outright failures [projects cancelled before completion] are up from 15% to 18%. The remaining 51% of software projects are seriously late, over budget and lacking features previously expectedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. As the study reviews this article a discovery is made based upon the research that includes how the cost is distribut ed. The designer allows certain percentages for each area of the project phase. In the analyze segment of the project it is projected that 10% will be utilized. Design phase will encompass about 15% while the realization and testing will average the remaining percentage. Many projects exceed the budgeted percentage and allotted funds will be taken from one phase and move over to the phase in need. This can at times cause the project to slow in progress or be placed in a temporary state or even placed on hold. The end or mid-result can be the determinant of a number of factors that are evaluated to determine how to complete a software project. The CHAOS Report gives unique information regarding how much is spent on IT application development, $250 billion each year on IT application development which equates to approximately 175,000 projects. A large company can spend anywhere from $2,322,000 to develop a project. Medium companies can spend $1,331,000 and a small company can even spe nd $434,000 to develop a software project. It has also been determined that many of these projects regardless the cost will fail. Hence CHAOS, therefore no longer can one speak the three monkeys, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hear no failure, see no failure, speak no failureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In the article, Project Management Practices: The Criteria for Success or Failure, (OW, S. H., Harzadeh, I.) list the top four factors that contribute to a projects success are, user involvement, executive management support, clear statement of requirements and proper planning. This article also explores how a project fails; the main reason for failure is listed as, the inabilities of project ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to plan and estimate correctly, or fail to implement the tasks according to plan or simply failure causes by human factor. The Standish Group has estimated that American companies spend at least $81 billion for cancelled software projects. Also, that another $59 million to complete a project that has exceeded budgeted plans. It has been estimated that only 16.2% of software projects were completed on time and on budget. Only 9% of this estimation is for larger companies that have a successful project finished on time and on budget. On occasion these are simply a fractio n of the original requirements. Scary? On another scale, Smaller companies do much better. A total of 78.4% of their software projects will get deployed with at least 74.2% of their original features and functions. The study determined that the most projects, 37.1% were impaired and subsequently cancelled in medium companies, compared to 29.5% in large companies and 21.6% in small companies. Many software project failures are due to cost and time overruns which result in the restart of the project. These causes the project to go over budget and exceed time requirements set forth in the original software project plan. With the three major elements for a project in place, (user involvement, executive management support, and a clear statement of requirements), there is a much greater chance that the project will be a success. Without these three elements the chance for failure increases. In the project management scorecard there are several surveys in which to score whether the project is a success or a failure. A survey list reasons most people give, regardless the type of business for failed or poorly managed Projects. This score card also list the cost of a failed project when poorly managed. A n article in the datacenter journal, facing IT Project Failures, explains that the failure of an IT project as others discoveries disclose, can simply mean that the project has gone over budget by a certain percentage, that completion of the project was delayed beyond a certain point or that the business failed to reap a certain return on investment from its project. The CHAOS report indicates that project success rates have increased to 34 percent of all projects. This percent is 100% more from the success rate found in the first study in 1994. A decline in project failure to 15% of all projects is a great improvement over the 31% failure rate reported in 1994. In this current survey a total of 51% of all projects were over the specified time required, over budget or lacking features and requirements.

Human resource management works - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2648 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: Human Resource Management works within an organisation and it focuses on recruitment, management and providing direction for the people, it also deals with employee compensation, hiring people, performance management, organisation development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication and administration and training. Carly Fiorina (2003) defines HRM as Managing a company, not a share price, means balancing the requirements of shareowners, customers, employees and communities. And managing a company for the long term, not just the short-term, requires building sustainable value for shareowners and customers and employees and communities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human resource management works" essay for you Create order And these relationships of sustainable value require real trust and real candour. In IHRM means globalisation of Human resource management. Globalisation refers to act as globally by expending the local business. In other way we can say that to introduce some local business to global market is called globalisation. In International HRM means, when a business wants to expand his business in global market or other country he has to consider some it can be operation perspective and management perspective to settle down his business. According to Broadly, the area of IHRM is managing all human resource management activities in the enterprises in the globally, examine and find out the solution for created problem of all human resource management activities as a global environment. HRM and MNE are working together significantly providing solution for any business problem at the globally. In Givanni Agnellis point of view Global organisation or MNE is a company where having people with different background, different cultures, different inclinations, different aspirations, different jobs and all of them have to produce miracle of their own striving together so that company balance sheet can be good. So IHRM has to manage the across cultures and all sorts HR related problems, adopt with different culture, maintain their employment law and industrial rules regulation. So International Human Resource Manager should maintain following thing to consider internationally for developing organisation. The List of main developing Global Consideration working in international context for human resource manager are as follows: Maintain global employment law, Industrial relations. Follow global ethnics and Labour standard. Global talent management and staffing. Ensure training and management development in multinational enterprises. Global compensation, benefits and taxes. International performance management. The well-being of the global work force. 1. Global employment law, Industrial relations: If any company goes for internationally the IHR manager should have some international responsibility to maintain the international business. Different countries have different rules for the business to settle. So IHR manager need to coordinate all type of problem. About managing across culture we can say like Mahatma Gandhi in book Managing Across culture by Schneider Barsoux (2nd ed. 2003 p185) Let my house not be walled on four sides, let all the windows be open, let all the cultures blow in, but no culture blow me off my feet. However, there are number of international organizations have that support labour standard which influence employees and labour relation within MNEs, this organization are such as United Nations (UN), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). All of this organization individually plays different types of role to develop employment law for example UN always plays an insignificant role to develop employment law and labour standard. They mainly focus on social dimension of international trade area. On the other hand ILO internationally works for improvement of the working conditions; maintain living standards and the fair and impartial treatment of workers. Moreover, an IHR manager should idea about how to manage these international issues and he has to co-operate the international laws with the national laws. Other wise he will not be a successful manager. Furthermore, industrial labour relations are important in global organization. Before taking any decision MNE has to share with labour union or government agencies. IHR manager is responsible for maintaining labour relation in an organization. David Killingers (2000) point of view who is the Director of international labour affair is that because he works so many countries, one of his primary roles is to educate all the parts of the business in the US about what is going on around the world and how that affects total business. 2. Global ethnics and Labour standard In International Human Resource Management: Policies and practices for multinational enterprises by Briscoe, Schuler and Claus they define Culture is a group of people where they have own way to live, behaving and believing which they developed over long time and share by there generation. Different ethic has different type of problem. IHR managers have to solve different ethnic problem. He has to maintain there government rules and regulation to recruit staff. For example some country, they are very restrict about foreign recruitment they dont want to recruit too many foreigner in a company. And they want to train there own people as management post. On the other hand some country doesnt have any restriction about the foreign recruitment. They feel happy to have foreigner in management post. So, IHR managers responsibility to find out what county have want sort of requirement and proceed to fulfil their requirement in global perspective. However, managing across countries culture is a challenge for IHR manager. In a case of Mendenhall et al Readings and cases in Human Resource Management: An executive with TRW Inc. pointed out the importance of this when he stressed that: Just because you have taken an international assignment to China does not mean you can effectively manage across multiple countries. For most (leaders) an international assignment is a critical developmental experience, but that is not all it takes to turn you into a global leader. This means that we must have HR people who are global long before we need business people; otherwise how will we identify, train, and develop business leaders? (Mendenhall et al 2007 p. 22) That a good observation of the executive as because to established a business in other country we need to examine the culture, identify the people, train the people and develop the people to maintain the global standard then we can have a successful, and well develop global business. Moreover, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) also has some requirement to maintain labour standard in global and local perspective. ILO is only organisation that deals with labour issues and currently it has 182 membership countries. In global ethics area IHR manager identify the fundamental morality of human philosophy. According to Briscoe et al (2009) A set of global principles that, under no circumstances, should ever be violated in code of ethics which might be important for IHR manager and it suggest local practices which is sometime different from parent country as because they did not violate the universal principles. 3. Global talent management and staffing Human resource manager means managing people. The main objective of IHR manager in global talent management and staffing is planning of global work force where he can estimate employment needs of MNE and also he can develop plan for fulfil those needs. Here term work force means employees of an organisation or enterprise and labour force means a group of talent employees in the labour market from where an organisation attracts and hires its employees. There are three categories of people for recruiting in an international organisation such as parent country nationals, Host country nationals and third country nationals, International Human Resource manager should careful about that perspective. However different countries rules and regulation about recruitment, reward or punishment policy are not same. Recruitment policy depends on countries internal policy. Moreover, every country sets different rules for the organisation about his parent country nationals, host country nationals and third country nationals. Parent country nationals means organisations own country, it may be short term transfer or long term transfer and it is fully depend on companies internal policy, host country means where the organisation is establishing business, it is important hiring local people and third country means different country from the both nation. Third country nationals is important as because skills or expert people required for establish a business it sometimes for high technological introducing issue or train and develop people with high technology. So, one of the major characteristics of IHR manager is to manage global staffing choice all type of employee in organisations needs. In appendix I it shows that how IHR manager select global talent management and staffing policy. Furthermore, IHR managers one of the challenges is about staffing concerns the nature and applications of immigration laws. It is important due to employee recruiting the global firm, new employees from other country nationals are hired for that reason visas are required for the international assignees, and HR managers duty is to arrange work visas and work with officials in other countries for the technician as they send abroad as expatriates. 4. Training and management development in multinational enterprises. An IHR manager should have to well organize about training and management development in multinational enterprises. Training and management development is necessary as because to implement new ideas in an organization. But it also depend on country, some country always welcome new ideas, some are reluctant to accept ideas from specific country and some country is completely agree about this as because they dont have that kind of expert to implement the new ideas. According to Richard Harlow the senior development consultant at global training consultancy TMA in UK: Time and time again, I hear similar stories of global training initiatives not having the desired effect. And it boils down to a number of reasons. Sometimes badly interpreted material is to blame, other times internal politics may be at play, or perhaps employees in a particular location are just not accustomed to the way the briefing/training is delivered. And companies end up digging deeper in their pockets to retrain or troubleshoot. However, IHR manager also careful about culture, language, learning style, education levels and transfer of learning otherwise he cant be successfully train the people and cant able to develop the management style in MNEs. All of these issues are important of IHR manager. For example, different nationals cultural views is not same, so IHR professional should have clear understanding about how that cultural views and educational system or learning style works. Other important issue of global T D is language. IHR mangers need to arrange training for global workforce whether in a single language or common language or if necessary he has to translate training program in respective language. And for the cross border they need to understand by the MNE providing training by transfer of learning. IHR manager responsibility is to examine the all sort of problem and solve it the respective way to train the people and become successful to management development and he has to expert of cross c ultural adjustment. Furthermore, one author with extensive international business experience, writing for the American Society for Training and Development, says this global mind-set: is a way of being rather than a set of skills. It is an orientation to the world that allows one to see certain things that others do not. A global mind-set means the ability to scan the world from a broad perspective, always looking for unexpected trends and opportunities that may constitute a threat or an opportunity to achieve personal, professional, or organizational objectives. 5. Global compensation, benefits and taxes. One of the critical responsibilities for IHR manager is to plan, structure and maintain global compensation and benefits of work force of the MNE. It is become extreme complicated due to considering multiple countries employees for example parent country, host country and other countries nationals, varying different countries it is changes the level of pay and benefits, cost of leaving, multiple currencies, exchange rate, tax systems and tax rate. All are fully depend on countries internal CB policy. In addition to that compensation and benefit system is not same for the host country nations to parent country or third countries nationals. It is depends on global remuneration structure for employees of the MNE in various place in the world. It can be found that same level of job doing by different countries national receiving different pay and title also different, it is happens due to different countries life style, living cost is not same. For successful IHR manager, it is extremely necessary to efficient plan of a global CB system. Moreover, IHR managers also need to design maintain of how the vacation requirement, working hour, pension plan, insurance, Maternity and family leave and other flexible benefits for the parent nationals, host country nationals and other international employees all he need to do in a fair way. He should have clear judgment of all employee cost of leaving standard, life style and all other relative perspective. 6. International performance management. Performance management is important in an international organisation to keep companys internal and external policy up to date. By the PM any organisation can measure or evaluate his international and local assignees. Employee evaluation measure performance where we can have positive or negative feedback i.e. what he is doing? What his work standard level? How he performing his job? Identify quality of his job? Is there any development or training need or not? However, Performance management is the process of assessment of employee to reach the destination of the company. In that case PM of MNEs is very important for IHR manager. It is a great challenge for him, as because he has to evaluate international and local all employee where depends on employees promotion, pay rise, rewards, motivation and so on. On the other hand it is leading to companys development, improving productivity and efficiency. So, IHR manager should maintain some criteria for performance appraisal. In appendix II it shows a model how a multinational enterprise measure performance international assignees. IHR manager in a MNE is look for PM in three different stages. First able, he has to design of the process, then implement the process and finally evaluate the process. In design stage IHR manager need to decide purpose of PM and what criteria he is doing performance measure, how and how often he is going to do PM, who is person is doing PM and standardization of the process. In implementation stage, IHR manager is implement the whole process and decide which way PM done. Finally evaluation stage it shows the outcomes of PM after implementing the decision PM. 7. The well-being of the global work force: In MNEs, IHR manager has to take care about his work force. It is also one kind of challenge of him. First able, IHR managers responsible to check whether the global firm is maintain health and safety law or now. Secondly he has to maintain family-friendly policies and work-life balance. Now a day it is became a new set of issues and opportunity for IHR manager. Final responsibility in these respects is crisis management. IHR manager is responsible to design and implement crisis management program for employees many types of damage and health and safety problems depends on their value of services. Conclusion: In summary, these all are the main developing issues of global considerations for human resource managers working in an international context. IHR manager need to works on very carefully and considerably for MNEs. The success and development of international organisation depends on all of those criteria. So, IHR manager role is the challenge of present context in international organisation. Reference: Briscoe D. R, Schuler R. S Claus L., (2009) International Human Resource Management: Policies And Practices For multinational enterprises Third edition, p 293 Fiorina, Carly, Restoring Trust: Corporate Responsibility and the CEO, in Thomas A. Kochan and Richard L. Schmalensee (eds.), Management: Inventing and Delivering the Future. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003, 25-36. Thomas A. Kochan (2004) Restoring Trust in the Human Resource

Scientific Management †Taylorism Free Essays

‘Scientific Management’ is a managerial development theory that was proposed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s. It was designed to apply scientific methods to the management of work organisations in order to improve economic efficiency and labour productivity. This theory is also well known as ‘Taylorism’ and has had a significant impact in the history of organisational management. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Management – Taylorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scientific management has had many benefits in the work organisation such as the division between workers and managers, increased efficiency in production and task specialisation. To some extent, this idea may still be relevant in some organisations but it is evident that the problems associated with this theory has led to the downfall of scientific management in today’s service economy and furthermore has allowed for the introduction of improved managerial methods. The issues and disadvantages of scientific management will be further discussed and explained why it is no longer considered relevant in our modern day service economy. With the introduction of scientific management in the work organisation there has been a controversial debate over the changes that occur within the workplace. Do the disadvantages of scientific management theory outweigh the advantages? It is true that this method allows specific tasks to be assigned to specific workers according to their specialisation thus increasing efficiency in productivity as well as a â€Å"regimented system of work organisation and managerial practice† (Aguiar, 2002, p. 239). However these changes have had a detrimental effect on the welfare of the workers due to the investigation of introducing new management procedures. Stress levels and insecurity of the workers were said to have increased as a result of redundancies, layoffs and health and safety issues according to Aguiar (2002). There was also a change in work conditions that introduced the ‘gender division of labour’ meaning that women were assigned with easier jobs whereas men were assigned with the more â€Å"heavy-duty† (Aguiar, 2002, p. 246) jobs. Due to these new management strategies, labour intensification had been increased ultimately leading to an increase in workload and even more changes in work conditions. As a result of gender division, it was evident that there was a significant difference in wages for women and men. Men typically received a higher wage than women which unquestionably became an issue as men were less likely to experience changes in their assigned jobs, whereas women were more susceptible to these changes. Furthermore, not only are women’s wages lower than men’s, this often ends in a gender clash as it leads to women feeling unmotivated and not up to standard. Not only has scientific management created a negative gender division in work organisations, it has also created a less encouraging environment for workers. Although the principles of Taylorism have had a positive outcome on efficiency of production and productivity of workers, it has negatively impacted the workers as it has decreased job satisfaction thus increasing the repetitive nature of the workload. As workers are only required to specialise in one specific task, workers quickly become dissatisfied as the fundamental job requirements such as variety of skill, significance of tasks, independence and criticism are all missing. According to Gronroos (1994), it is due to the introduction of new technology in the work organisation that prevents workers from experiencing considerable job satisfaction. This also results in a poor relationship between workers and customers, as the value of customer satisfaction is neglected and therefore competitive advantages are not achieved. In some work environments there were â€Å"additional target-related pressures† (Bain et al. , 2002, p. 182) where workers refused to work overtime or simply insisted on taking breaks between shifts. In some cases there would be workers that would feel the need to conform and not give into pressure to take breaks thus increasing stress levels and decrease in job satisfaction. Lastly, there is also the issue of Taylorism being easily distorted to exploit workers in a way that they are being controlled and treated as machines rather than human beings. This introduces the idea that this method of management can be seen as dehumanising to the worker. Taylor fails to recognise the importance of the wellbeing of workers in their work environment and rather focuses entirely on gaining maximum efficiency, productivity and profits. This raises conflicts with labour unions as they strongly believe that humans are unlike machines and cannot operate as machines do. Since workers are assigned to their specific task and that task only, they are unable to develop further skills and use their imagination and creativity to complete certain tasks and this is due to a scientific approach in management. There are limited opportunities for workers to be able to express his or her creativity as â€Å"each worker has a very well-determined task† (Caldari, 2007, p. 73). Therefore the outcome of completing the required task will only result in maximum efficiency if they complete what they have been assigned to do but will be unable to develop mentally thus illustrating the concept of dehumanisation. Although the human mind is constantly capable of storing new information such as certain routines and actions, â€Å"the human brain and flexible production systems must exhibit the ability to change, evolve and create† (Caldari, 2007, p. 74). Conclusively, it is evident that in some cases the scientific management approach is accepted by some work organisations. However, Taylor’s theory is flawed in a way that he has failed to account for the crucial factors relating to human welfare and focuses purely on maximisation in productivity, efficiency and profits. Although Taylor’s method was considered the machine model of organisation, and impacted management history in dramatic ways, his theory had also raised many controversial issues that must be considered prior to applying those theories in a predominant service economy. Scientific management may have had a positive impact in particular organisations but in today’s society, this theory is no longer relevant in a predominantly service economy. How to cite Scientific Management – Taylorism, Papers

The Experience of War by Women

Introduction The valley of the shadow depicts two communities during the American civil war of 1860-1865 with one community northern and the other southern specifically the Franklin County in Pennsylvania and Augusta county of Virginia. The period of war had great impact on women varying from their work, social status, age, race and family.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Experience of War by Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The women had a rich social experience of the war that was represented in their diaries, letters and other war documents. They expressed themselves differently and were concerned about different issues prior to the war, during the war and after the war period. The women ranged from slave owners, the wives to the soldiers, mothers, daughters, slaves to young girls. The records of these women reveal their fears, anxiety, opinions on the war and their attitude. They also represent thei r devotions to family, their country, God and the struggle in the war. They are thus not only historical, but they provide rich information on the role of these women in the war, their reactions to the war, the climate and social conditions at the time and the place of women in society at the time. The Analysis of the Experiences of Women in the War While most of the women received letters from their loved ones especially those whose relatives were involved in the war, they also wrote letters to their loved ones, authorities, kept diaries and were depicted in the documentaries of the time (Ayers 10). The analysis of these women shall include the mothers, daughters, wives, young girls of varying races and background. The analysis evaluates their devotion to their families, God and religion, their struggles during the war, the level of their education and other social issues (Whitman and Lowenfels 12). The period of the Civil War was characterized by a separation of the families. This was with soldiers going to war leaving their families behind; children in school away from their families and the separation of relatives for other reasons. The diaries of the women show their attachment to their families and their need to keep in touch with them. Fannies in the letter to her cousins (Ayers 17) keeps in touch through informing her cousins of the weather, the cold season, among others and sends them another letter too to know of their well being. Melly Clayton writes to her aunt about how her family is doing (Ayers 27).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Carter Sue writes and laments about her separation from her family showing the deep connection she had with them. In the letter of the Houser family, Mollie writes to her cousin about her family and relates the news to her cousin. The war time diary and letters of the Smiley family are about the relatives and family wherea bouts (Ayers and Rubin 39). The women wrote the letters to their relatives and family mostly in the war and away from home to inform them of what was going on at their homes (Ayers 33). For example, in the war letter of the McGuffin family, the mother writes to her son to inform him of the life at home, his brother and to enquire of his welfare. The letters describe the love and devotion to the family. Maria Perkins who was a slave at the time wrote to her husband about the sale of her son, herself and the other children. The letters were also for the happy family moments. For example, Alansa in her diary talks of her marriage and slavery of her uncle to whom she was close. The devotion of the women to God and religion at the time was evident in their letters and diaries. This devotion came out of fear, desperation and the painful moments of the war (Ayers and Rubin 59). Anna Mellinger in her diary reveals her devotion to God through the prayer meetings, readings of the word from th e Bible, mention of prayer and the evidence of faith (Ayers 38). The diaries and letters also represent the devotion to religious meetings. Melly Clayton in her letter to her aunt informs her of a possible religious camp meeting to be held in September (Ayers 40). They also show the struggles of the women to maintain their Christian faith. For example, in her diary Wright Sarah shows her struggles to adapt to the Christian principles. The religious faith is also revealed through the attitude of optimism while some of them linked the war to God’s punishment to them. For example, Emerson Nancy in her diary perceived that the war was a result of God’s punishment to the Northern people for their sins (Ayers and Rubin 63). Others had faith that God would reunite their families after the war and grant them peace. For example, Sue Carter expresses her faith for the reunion. The letters of Armentrout Kate are based on the Christian affairs, the unity prayer meetings and other religious activities. Religion acts as a consolidation for the women. For example, Harris Anna in her letter of 1860 shows her tribulations but reveals her assurance of God’s consolation (Whitman and Lowenfels 97).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Experience of War by Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The letters represent the level of education of the women. Most of the letters had grammatical errors with the knowledge of Basic English language. The letters however represent the abilities of the women in writing and basic reading thus justifying the fact that the women had gained basic education. This level of language proficiency is however not represented in all the women since the slaves and younger children represent a lack of proficiency as compared to the slave owners and those of the white race (Whitman and Lowenfels 121). For example, the letters of Mollie Houser use language in the wrong tense, lack punctuation, have grammatical errors and appear like a direct translation. However, for the women who have gone through school such as Armentrout Kate, the letters are more grammatically correct and she makes use of more complex language as compared to the other women. The letters and diary information also revealed the knowledge of the women about the war and the contribution and attitudes towards the same (Ayers 78). They also revealed their fears, agony and the decisions they made during the time. For example, Mollier in her letter of April 5, 1864 is concerned about the welfare of the soldiers in the war and wishes that the war would end soon. Harris Anna in her letter of January 5, 1860 shows the trials and afflictions from the war since her friends were soldiers in the war. In her letter Fackler Lizzie shows her whereabouts of the war evident from the fear she has of the invasion of Yankee in Staunton. The diary of Mellinger Anna shows the period of the war and ho w she escaped with her family. The letters and diaries of the women did not fail to touch on women issues such as the gossip and the whereabouts of others as well as the concept of relationships and weddings. For example, Mollier talks of her wedding and the fact that she wants to engage in a relationship. Alansa talks of her life and her marriage while all the letters are descriptive showing the detailed messages and the description with the expression of themselves. The letters reveal the fears of the women and their desire for peace and stability with unity in their families and the end of the war (Ayers and Rubin 71). The letters also revealed the historical times and the developments at the time while those written after the war by the women provided family history and the whereabouts of relatives (Ayers and Rubin 77). This shows that the women did not experience death during the war in large numbers but lost their relatives, family and friends and their concern reveals their l ove for their families.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, Martha in her letter of 1867 informs her nephew about the family history as well as the other families and relatives that he knew. The letters also represent schooling and education with the evidence of young girls writing about school and the events following the same. For example, Clayton writes about her school experience to her aunt, while Alaska talks of her schooling. The issues of racism are exposed by the information and the perceptions of the writers towards the same (Whitman and Lowenfels 234). The period after the war is rife with information about the deaths and whereabouts of the families with the women sharing the same to their relatives. For example, the diary of Emerson Nancy reveals the deaths of the people she knew and the expression of frustration, loss and bitterness (Ayers and Rubin 98). Summary The experiences of the women provide a rich history of the Civil War through the issues they went through and witnessed. They experienced the Civil War diff erently depending on their race, age or status. However, the nature of women is similar in the aspects of their attitudes towards religion, love and devotion to their families, struggles and the desire for peace in the country, the frustrations and losses experienced in the war and their attitudes towards the war. The analysis of the women opens the opportunity for understanding the modern times with the perceptions of society towards the role of women. Works Cited Ayers, Edward. The Valley of the Shadow, 2010. Web. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/. Ayers, Edward, and Anne Rubin. The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American Civil War – The Eve of War. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2000. Whitman, Walt, and Walter Lowenfels. Civil War. Boston: Knopf Publications, 1961. This essay on The Experience of War by Women was written and submitted by user Hussar to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.